Speaking of Profit

The Qing Empire in the early nineteenth century faced bureaucratic corruption, food shortages, infrastructure decay, domestic rebellion, adverse balances of trade, and a previously inconceivable foreign threat from the West. William T. Rowe uses literati reformer Bao Shichen as a prism to understand contemporary response to this general crisis.

Imperiul Qing la inceputul secolului al XIX-lea s-a confruntat cu coruptia birocratica, lipsa de alimente, degradarea infrastructurii, rebeliunea interna, echilibrele comerciale negative si o amenintare externa de neconceput anterior din Occident. William T.